What Are Functional Mushrooms? Types and Their Health Benefits

Key Takeaways

• Functional mushrooms hold a reputation for their health and wellness benefits, acting as a superfood.
• Categorized into adaptogenic and medicinal, each type of functional mushroom has unique benefits.
• Researchers have highlighted Reishi, Shiitake, and Chaga for their various health benefits including immune support, anti-inflammatory properties, and skin health benefits.
• Many point to Cordyceps and Turkey Tail mushrooms for their potential benefits in immune health and cancer support.
• The Lion's Mane mushroom is notable for its cognitive function enhancement and potential in alleviating depression and anxiety symptoms.
• People prize Tremella mushroom, also known as the "beauty mushroom", for skin hydration, weight management, and neuroprotective benefits.
• Consumable in different forms including fresh, powdered, as supplements, teas, and coffees, making them a versatile addition to one's diet.
• Mushrooms consist of an underground mycelium responsible for growth and nutrient absorption, and an above-ground fruiting body responsible for reproduction and spore dispersal.
• Medicinal mushrooms are typically consumed consistently over time to notice effects.
  

At first glance, functional mushrooms don't look like much! But what they lack in devastating good looks, they more than make up for in the health and wellness department. Over and above nutritional benefits, they're becoming increasingly well-known for their positive impact on human health.

As a plant-based ingredient, functional mushrooms have also established a firm following in the culinary world. With many a chef or self-professed foodie willing to stand behind their deliciously robust and earthy flavour profiles. Chefs love the flexibility these mushrooms bring to the table. Used in cooking in various forms, you can have them "whole, sliced, sautéed, fried and even powdered; the latter adding a flavourful punch to dishes without requiring any added liquid."

Herbalists also appear to wholeheartedly agree. According to Rachelle Robinett, RH(AHG), Registered Clinical Herbalist;  “They’re a food, and a medicine, and work in a variety of ways, which is part of what fuels the well-deserved hype.”

Functional mushrooms deservedly stand head and shoulders above the regular garden variety mushrooms that stare you down as you walk past your favourite market aisles.

Here's everything you need to know about these nutritional all-stars:

What are Functional Mushrooms?

Functional mushrooms are mushrooms that serve health benefits beyond their nutritional profiles. So, more than providing carbs, proteins, vitamins, and minerals, they may also help improve your health, such as helping you fight the risk of inflammation and chronic disease.

But more about that in just a wink!

Functional mushrooms are broadly categorized into two types:

1. Medicinal mushrooms - Medicinal mushrooms (also known as medicinal fungi or curative mushrooms) are a special type of fungi that are scientifically shown to have a wide range of benefits in the human body. While there are more than 2,000 species of edible mushrooms on the planet, only a small handful have the remarkable properties that categorize them as 'medicinal'. These have been used for centuries in traditional medicine to treat and prevent a variety of health conditions. They contain a variety of bioactive compounds, including polysaccharides, triterpenes, and antioxidants, which are responsible for their many benefits.

2. Adaptogenic mushrooms - These house unique compounds known as adaptogens, which aid the body in countering and adapting to stress, thereby promoting equilibrium and homeostasis. By modulating the body's response to stressors, adaptogenic mushrooms foster enhanced resilience and support overall wellness.

Adaptogenic mushrooms are a subset of medicinal mushrooms. All adaptogenic mushrooms are medicinal mushrooms, but not all medicinal mushrooms are adaptogenic.

Main Functional Mushroom Varieties and Health Benefits

Up next, we'll cover the main functional mushrooms used and enjoyed by health and culinary enthusiasts alike:

1. Reishi Mushrooms (Ganoderma Lucidum)

Reishi mushroom is an adaptogenic mushroom variant known in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) as 'lingzhi' or the 'spirit plant.' Although it comes in various colours, only the red/brown-coloured variant is used for consumption or the preparation of herbal medicines, utilizing the fruiting body of the mushroom.

These mushrooms have been a staple in traditional medicine in Asia, used for thousands of years and valued for their innumerable health benefits. While scientific research on their effects is ongoing, the initial findings are promising.

Emerging clinical evidence suggests that Reishi may be beneficial in supporting immune health. Additionally, Reishi's antioxidant properties combat free radicals, contributing to its immune-boosting effects. Some studies show that certain forms of Reishi may increase natural killer cell activity, which helps combat cancer cells.

A few of the most commonly recognised health benefits of reishi mushrooms are:

• Strengthen the immune system to fight off disease
• Calm the mind and ease anxiety
• Improve the quality and duration of sleep
• Improve skin health and complexion
• Helping lower blood pressure

A 12-week study on 26 participants indicated Reishi extract's potential to improve HDL cholesterol (good cholesterol)levels and reduce triglycerides. There is also some research to suggest Reishi mushrooms may be beneficial in managing blood glucose levels and treating diabetes.

The polysaccharides present in Reishi mushrooms may also help slow cell decline and the ageing process.

From a digestive health perspective, Reishi mushrooms contain non-digestible polysaccharides that act as prebiotics, helping to limit harmful gut bacteria while encouraging the growth of beneficial microorganisms. Research has also identified Reishi as an immunomodulator, meaning it may help regulate inflammatory responses in the gut, particularly those linked to high-cholesterol diets.

The calming effects of reishi mushrooms make it perfect for making 'reishi tea' at the end of the day to help lull yourself into a peaceful, rejuvenating sleep. Mushroom extracts typically aren't heat-sensitive, so you can enjoy your steaming hot drink without worrying about the temperature affecting the integrity of the nutrients.

2. Shiitake Mushrooms (Lentinula Edodes)

Shiitake mushrooms are very popular in the culinary world owing to their dense texture and strong, earthy flavour. But they're just as exciting from a health perspective. Even if you’re unfamiliar with medicinal mushrooms, there’s a good chance you’ve encountered shiitake before, as they are a staple ingredient in many Asian dishes.

Originally harvested in the wild in China during the Ming Dynasty, shiitake mushrooms were later cultivated by Japanese herbalists using log-growing techniques. Villages would grow shiitake to attract Buddhist monks, and over time the mushroom became highly prized. Japanese elders have long referred to shiitake as an “Elixir of Life.”

These functional mushrooms boast anti-inflammatory properties and abundant nutritional content, including essential vitamins and minerals such as selenium, niacin, zinc, riboflavin, and copper. They are also rich in Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid), making them an excellent choice for skin health. These nutrients support health and longevity, improve blood circulation, tone the heart, and help protect the liver.

Shiitake mushrooms have also been indicated to:

• Offer protection against inflammation
• Support cardiovascular health
• Boost overall energy and brain function
• Help with blood pressure and circulation
• Improve immune response, including increases in T cells and natural killer immune cells

Shiitake mushrooms contain beta-glucans and eritadenine, compounds known to support the gut microbiome while also helping regulate cholesterol levels. These fibres may promote satiety, assist digestion, and support weight management by improving gut flora composition.

Shiitake mushrooms may also contribute to healthy hair by providing key nutrients like antioxidants, Vitamin D, selenium, and copper. Vitamin D plays a crucial role in hair growth, while selenium participates in the creation of new hair, and copper aids in maintaining your hair's colour and structure.  The antioxidants present in shiitake mushrooms support collagen maintenance, reduce hair shedding, and improve scalp conditions.

Consuming shiitake may also be beneficial for weight watchers because of the presence of specific compounds that help lower cholesterol, reduce fat deposition, and increase satiety. They're also low in calories. Half a cup of fresh shiitake contains as few as ten calories, making it a guilt-free option for weight-conscious individuals.

Shiitake is one of the most versatile medicinal mushrooms available. It can be added to scrambled eggs, pasta sauces, soups, and sautéed vegetables for instant umami flavour. Stirring a spoonful into boiling water also creates a vegan, gluten-free stock base. For convenience, shiitake powders or extracts can be mixed into hot or cold drinks.

3. Chaga Mushrooms (Inonotus Obliquus)

Known as 'The Gift From Heaven' by Siberian shamans, chaga (Inonotus obliquus) can be found primarily growing on birch trees in a fascinating 'symbiotic' pairing. Chaga mushrooms offer numerous benefits, particularly for immune support, digestion, and skin health. 

One noteworthy property of the Chaga mushroom is its ability to stimulate bile production, aiding the breakdown of food and proteins. With its high fibre content acting as a prebiotic, Chaga also has potential benefits for maintaining a healthy bowel.

Chaga mushrooms contain significant amounts of betulinic acid, known for its antiviral, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory effects. Betulinic acid derivatives and melano-glucan complexes found in Chaga mushrooms have been studied for their role in protecting the gastric mucous lining. This may support digestive health in conditions such as gastritis, ulcerative colitis, and other inflammatory bowel disorders.

These adaptogenic mushrooms have also shown potential in possibly slowing the growth of lung cancer cells due to the presence of compounds called triterpenes.

Regarding skin health, the high antioxidant content of Chaga, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), is linked to anti-ageing benefits and the reduction of oxidative stress. It is believed that Chaga’s betulinic acid may regulate sebum production, potentially promoting even skin tone and preventing acne-causing bacteria. Chaga also supports collagen stimulation, which is essential for maintaining healthy, youthful, and hydrated skin.

Also, for skin, Chaga's melanin content may offer protection from the sun's harmful UV rays, similar to our body's natural sunscreen, potentially reducing the appearance of dark spots and sunspots.

Not only that, but this powerful fungi is also a source of vital vitamins, minerals, and enzymes that contribute to overall resilience and recovery.

Chaga is particularly valued for its ability to:

• Prevent skin, hair and eyes from ageing prematurely
• Help the body to cope well in a stressful environment
• Reduce inflammation to speed up recovery

The simplest and most common way of consuming chaga is to turn it into mushroom tea - but that's not your only option. You can also stir it into your coffee for an early morning health boost, add it into a post-workout smoothie to help your body recover quicker or even use it as an added extra in your favourite protein ball recipe for a super nutritious snack.

4. Cordyceps Mushrooms (Cordyceps Sinensis)

Cordyceps mushrooms, also adaptogenic, offer a vast array of benefits for our immune system and overall health. While this area requires further research, promising results continue to emerge. It is believed that Cordyceps may help support immune healing by enhancing both cellular and humoral immunity, acting as a secondary immune response when the initial response is compromised.

Cordyceps may also play a role in reducing cancer cells, particularly in conditions like leukopenia, which decreases white blood cells, making the body more vulnerable to infections.

An excellent choice for athletes, cordyceps is traditionally used to increase blood oxygenation and jing, the primordial energy associated with kidney health. It is well known in athletic circles for increasing endurance, improving cellular performance, and reducing recovery times.

Research also suggests that Cordyceps may help fight inflammation by suppressing proteins linked to inflammatory responses. Its free radical scavenging abilities help balance oxidative stress, which may reduce fatty liver development and inflammation. Cordyceps may further support liver health by restoring and regenerating cells and offering hepatoprotective effects.

Often described as one of the superheroes of the fungi world, Cordyceps may also improve sleeping patterns, libido, stamina, appetite, and energy levels. This ancient medicine, long used by traditional Himalayan healers, was first widely consumed after yak herders noticed their animals becoming stronger and more energetic after eating the mushroom. After trying it themselves and experiencing similar effects, Cordyceps became a valued tonic in traditional medicine.

Cordyceps are not only beneficial for those engaged in physical training. They may support people of all ages and lifestyles, with potential benefits including:

• Promoting healthy adrenal glands to support brain performance
• Protecting against premature ageing and disease by neutralising free radicals
• Reducing the risk of heart disease by helping lower LDL cholesterol levels

Like other medicinal mushrooms, Cordyceps extracts can easily be added to hot water to make a nourishing tea. You can also stir the powder or extract into coffee, smoothies, or hot chocolate for an added functional boost.

5. Turkey Tail Mushrooms (Trametus Versicolor)

The intriguingly titled turkey tail mushroom (no prizes for guessing why!) is named after its striking resemblance to a bird’s tail feathers. Also known as Coriolus versicolor or Polyporus versicolor, this mushroom has been used since at least the 15th century for its remarkable ability to cultivate a strong and resilient immune system capable of combating powerful pathogens.

Turkey tail mushrooms are best known for their immune-supporting benefits. They contain high concentrations of protein-bound polysaccharides, PSK and PSP, which primarily contribute to the immune-enhancing attributes of the Turkey Tail mushroom. These potent compounds wield the dual powers of activating and inhibiting specific immune cells while also fighting inflammation, equipping your body to combat toxins, viruses, and bacteria more effectively.

Studies also suggest that polysaccharopeptides (PSP) found in Turkey Tail mushrooms may positively alter gut bacterial composition, helping regulate the gut microbiome. These compounds have also been used traditionally to support recovery from infections and during cancer treatments.

Supporting liver function, mitigating oxidative stress, promoting gut and respiratory well-being, and harmonizing the body's vital energy, known as QI in the Eastern tradition, are overall health benefits that research suggests may be associated with Turkey Tail mushrooms.

Particularly noteworthy are emerging studies highlighting the positive impact of these functional mushrooms on cancer patients undergoing conventional treatments like chemotherapy and radiation. Seen as a strengthener of immunity and accelerator of recovery, this adaptogenic mushroom holds promise.

In addition to general immune resilience, Turkey Tail mushrooms may help:

• Reduce the likelihood of common colds and flu
• Support treatment of human papillomavirus (HPV)
• Boost the growth of healthy gut bacteria for improved digestion
• Assist recovery in breast, gastric, and colorectal cancers

The most common way to consume Turkey Tail mushrooms is as a tea made by stirring a spoonful of powder into boiling hot water. You can customise your tea by adding lemon juice or a small amount of maple syrup, or combine Turkey Tail with a mild, subtly sweet mushroom like tremella for a complementary blend.

6. Lion's Mane Mushrooms (Hericium Erinaceus)

The powdered form of the remarkable Lion's Mane mushroom contains compounds believed to enhance cognitive function, combat inflammation, and fortify the immune system. Used for centuries by monks to augment focus during meditation, elevate general strength, assist the immune system, and increase vigour, Lion’s Mane is now most widely used for supporting cognitive abilities and brain function.

While it may help clear the mind and improve concentration in the short term, this adaptogenic mushroom also offers longer-term cognitive benefits. Lion’s Mane mushrooms contain two key compounds, hericenones and erinacines, which stimulate the growth of new brain cells. These compounds are primarily responsible for Lion’s Mane’s effects on memory and cognition and may help lower the chances of developing dementia, offering potential protective benefits against conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease.

Research also suggests that Lion’s Mane may benefit mood and emotional wellbeing. Its influence on the hippocampus, the part of the brain responsible for memory and emotional response, may help reduce symptoms of anxiety and depression. Early research on menopausal women showed that daily consumption of Lion’s Mane mushroom powder reduced irritability and anxiety.

In addition to its cognitive effects, Lion’s Mane may help improve nervous system function and is regularly used in traditional Chinese medicine to combat Qi deficiency. It also exhibits antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which may support overall health and disease prevention.

Early research indicates that Lion’s Mane mushrooms may also support gut health by inhibiting the growth of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), a bacteria associated with stomach ulcers and chronic digestive issues.

Lion’s Mane mushrooms may also offer additional health benefits, including:

• Restoring damaged nerves and supporting overall nerve health
• Reducing symptoms of anxiety and depression
• Lowering the chance of developing stomach ulcers and protecting the stomach lining

Lion’s Mane is often considered a culinary mushroom due to its subtle seafood-like flavour. It works well in homemade soups and stews and is enjoyable to cook with. Because of this flavour profile, it is generally not recommended to simply stir Lion’s Mane into hot water, coffee, or smoothies.

7. Tremella Mushrooms (Tremella Fuciformis)

The beautiful-looking Tremella mushroom (unsurprisingly also referred to as the "beauty mushroom”) has been used in Chinese medicine for thousands of years as a youth-preserving tonic. In fact, the Imperial Concubine Yang Guifei, regarded as one of the most beautiful women in Chinese history, is said to have incorporated Tremella into her daily beauty routine.

Tremella mushrooms contain gluconic acid, amazing for aiding hydration retention in your skin. Word has it, it's even better than its more well-known counterpart - hyaluronic acid! It's also full of antioxidants and anti-inflammatory compounds known for fighting inflammation and disease and slowing down ageing.

Tremella’s robust antioxidant profile helps give skin a healthy glow by neutralising free radicals that contribute to inflammation and tissue damage. This medicinal mushroom may also encourage the body to increase its own antioxidant production, allowing its effects to continue even after consumption. By improving skin hydration and elasticity, Tremella supports a more youthful appearance.

Tremella mushrooms are high in dietary fibre, helping you feel full for longer, and aiding diet control and weight management. They contain strong concentrations of Vitamin D and polysaccharides called beta-glucans, which boost your immune response. They may also hold the potential to reduce your LDL (bad cholesterol) and offer neuroprotective benefits, aiding in the protection and maintenance of brain health. There is also some early research suggesting that Tremella mushrooms can help fight lung cancer.

Tremella mushrooms may also:

• Help the body fight infection
• Support immune system regulation
• Aid digestive function

The flavour of Tremella is subtle and slightly sweet, with gentle vanilla notes. This makes it ideal for stirring into tea, coffee, or smoothies, as well as using in baking and desserts. Because its taste is mild, Tremella can also be combined with other medicinal mushrooms to create custom blends.

8. Agaricus Mushroom (Agaricus blazei) - The Immune Support and Nutrient Boost

Also called 'The Mushroom of the Sun' and 'The Mushroom of Life', the agaricus mushroom (Agaricus blazei) is hugely popular in Japan, despite originating in Brazil. The Japanese have placed incredible value on these medicinal mushrooms since scientists discovered South American tribes with many significantly elderly people who attributed their longevity to the fungi. While the mushroom isn't a magical life-giving elixir, it does support the immune system, lower blood pressure, remove toxic cells from the body and decrease bad cholesterol levels — all of which help promote long life.

The agaricus mushroom provides various overall health benefits that everyone can take advantage of but it also may provide specialist health perks to aid those with specific illnesses. It can:

• Help cancer patients endure chemotherapy by lessening side effects
• Lower insulin resistance to help people with type 2 diabetes
• Reduce liver damage in people suffering from long-term hepatitis B

Agaricus mushroom powder has a generally neutral flavour that's subtly sweet. Because of this, you can use it in all kinds of ways, from making mushroom teas and using it in soups to stirring it into your morning cup of coffee or even sprinkling a little bit over any meal for a super-easy way to reap the medicinal mushroom benefits.

9.  Maitake Mushroom (Grifola frondosa)  - The Metabolic Regulator

Maitake (Grifola frondosa) mushrooms have earned the nickname "Dancing Mushroom" due to the joy experienced by those who find them in the wild. But their benefits go beyond delight, as Maitake mushrooms have been used in traditional Japanese medicine for centuries due to their ability to provide numerous health benefits. 

Maitake mushrooms are rich in antioxidants, beta-glucans, vitamins B and C, copper, potassium, fiber, and amino acids. These nutrients contribute to the mushroom's immune-boosting, anti-cancer, and metabolic-regulating properties. Clinical trials suggest that maitake mushrooms may help regulate blood sugar levels, making it a valuable dietary addition for those managing diabetes. These mushrooms are also studied for their potential benefits for weight loss and heart health.

Some evidence suggests Maitake mushrooms may support metabolic health and weight management by improving the composition of gut flora and strengthening immune activity within the digestive system.

Here are some of the most recognized benefits of Maitake mushrooms:

• Stimulate the immune system to combat disease
• Regulate blood sugar levels and support metabolic health
• Potential anti-cancer properties
• Support cardiovascular health
• Aid in weight loss

Maitake has a rich, earthy flavour that makes it a delicious addition to a variety of dishes. You can enjoy it in soups, stir-fries, and teas. Maitake extracts can also be added to hot drinks or smoothies for a health boost.

When it comes to sourcing high-quality Maitake mushroom supplements, our top pick is Teelixir. We love Teelixir's Maitake powder for its robust earthy flavour and its versatility.

Disclaimer: While functional mushrooms offer a range of health benefits, it's advisable to consult with a healthcare provider before incorporating them into your diet, especially if you have pre-existing conditions or are on medication.

Specific Medicinal Mushroom Benefits:

Best Mushrooms for Health - Overall

The Reishi mushroom, also known as the "mushroom of immortality," is great for overall health. This medicinal mushroom has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for thousands of years to improve health and longevity. It can help boost the immune system, reduce stress, improve sleep, and lessen fatigue.

Best Medicinal Mushrooms for Immunity

The best medicinal mushroom for immune health is the Turkey Tail mushroom. It contains a variety of powerful antioxidants and other compounds that may help boost your immune system and even fight certain types of cancer.

Best Mushroom for Inflammation

The Chaga mushroom is best for inflammation. It's packed with antioxidants, which can reduce inflammation and improve overall health. Chaga can also lower cholesterol, blood sugar, and blood pressure.

Best Mushrooms for Energy

The Cordyceps mushroom is known for its energy-boosting properties. It's often used by athletes to improve performance and reduce fatigue. It may also have potential medicinal benefits for heart health and diabetes.

Best Mushrooms for Healing

The Lion's Mane mushroom is best for healing. It has been shown to support brain health, alleviate symptoms of neurodegenerative diseases, and improve cognitive function. It also has potent immune-boosting and anticancer effects.

Mushroom Anatomy 101: A Quick Overview

Most mushrooms & fungi have two main parts: the underground mycelium and the above-ground sporophore or fruiting body. Let's talk about both of them in a bit more detail.

Mycelium

The mycelium is the vegetative underground half of the mushroom and it's responsible for the growth and survival of the mushroom.

It looks like a network of white or yellowish threads/roots and it can grow to be quite large - researchers have even found some that are 2,400 years old and weigh as much as 100 tons!

This vast complex of fibres spreads underground in search of essential nutrients and even connects fungi together.

Unlike plants that have chlorophyll for making their own food, mushrooms need to rely on mycelium to absorb vital nutrients from the surrounding decaying and dead organic matter in the soil.

Interestingly, it can also stay inactive/dormant for several years until the environmental conditions are more favourable for fruiting and releasing spores.

Fruiting body

The sporophore (or fruiting body) is the reproductive part of the fungus and it's what we typically think of when we picture a mushroom.

Depending on the species, it’s also sometimes edible and is where most of the helpful compounds of medicinal mushrooms are found.

 The sporophore consists of the main parts of the mushrooms such as the:

• Cap
• Gills
• Stape
• Annulus
• Volva

This part of the mushroom often grows above ground level or on the surfaces of other hosts, and its main function is to make and spread mushroom spores so the mushroom can reproduce.

Parts of A Mushroom Diagram:

The Different Parts Of A Mushroom And Their Functions

Now that we know the basics of mushroom anatomy and mushroom structure, let's take a more in-depth look at the main structural parts of a mushroom and their functions.

The Cap

The cap (also known as pileus) is the uppermost part of the mushroom and it can be:

• Convex
• Flat
• Umbrella-shaped
• Conical
• Depressed
• Ovate

But what does the cap of the mushroom do?

Well, much like how umbrellas are used to protect us from the rain and sun, the mushroom cap protects the gills, spores, and other parts of the mushroom from harsh weather conditions and the heat of the sun.

The surface of the cap can be smooth or have different types of textures like scales, warts, or gills (more on this later). The texture and colour of the cap vary depending on the species as well as the developmental stage of the shroom.

The Gills

Gills are thin sheets of flesh that hang from the underside of the cap and they're where spores are produced.

They can be free, meaning they're not attached to the mushroom stem, or they can be fused to it. Mushroom gills can also have different shapes such as being:

• Radial
• Forked
• Spoon-shaped

This makes them especially useful for the identification of different mushroom species. For example, humans have been successfully identifying poisonous species of mushrooms like the Destroying Angel, Spring Amanita, and Clitocybe Dealbata for centuries based on their characteristic white gills.

Still, it’s important to note that not every type of mushroom has gills. Some like Lion’s mane instead have needles or teeth.

The Spores

Spores are the unicellular, reproductive cells of the mushroom and are produced in the gills. In essence, it possesses all the necessary genetic material needed to produce new mushrooms.

Near the end of each mushroom’s life cycle, they distribute their spores using the wind, water, humans, or other animals to disperse them. And when they land on suitable moist, warm, and shaded areas, they germinate.

Scientists are able to use the size, shape, and colour of spores to accurately identify mushroom species.

The Annulus

The annulus is a ring-like structure that's sometimes present around the stems of certain mushroom species. It’s the remnants of the partial veil, which is a membrane that covers the gills when the mushroom is still young to provide additional protection for the spore-forming gills.

As the mushroom grows and the cap expands, this membrane breaks and leaves behind this ring-like structure.

Some people often use the annulus position, shape, and type for the classification and identification of different species of mushrooms.

The Stape

The stape is the stalk or stem that holds up the mushroom cap. It can be short or long, and it can be the same colour as the cap or a different one.

The surface of the stape can also be smooth or have different types of textures like scales, warts, or gills.

Its main purpose is to help with the dispersal of spores by elevating the cap and gills from ground level for the fungus to be able to distribute its reproductive spores effectively for the animals or the wind to scatter them.

Mushrooms that have stapes or stems are often referred to as “stipate” and their specific shape, texture, and size can also be used to help in identifying certain mushrooms.

The Volva

The volva is a sac-like structure that's found at the base of the stape and it is formed by the remnants of the universal veil. This is a membrane that covers the entire mushroom when it's still young.

As the fungus grows, this membrane breaks and leaves behind this sac-like structure. Depending on the species, the volva can be small and barely noticeable or it can be large and very prominent.

Crucially, a large volva is a useful distinguishing feature of poisonous shrooms such as those belonging to the Amanitaceae subspecies.

The Mycelium

As we’ve mentioned before, the mycelium is the vegetative part of the mushroom and it's a mass of white, thread-like fibres that make up the underground body of the fungus. The mushroom mycelium is distinct from the individual thread-like filaments, called hyphae, that make up the mycelium.

It's responsible for the absorption of nutrients and water and it also helps to connect different fungi together.

The Hyphae

Hyphae are similar to mycelium, but they're thinner and more branched out. They also have septa, which are cross-walls that divide the cells, and these help the fungus to move nutrients around more efficiently.

Final Thoughts on Functional Mushrooms

With their growing popularity, functional mushrooms have increasingly found their way into our daily lives, not just on our plates but also in the form of supplements, teas, and coffees. Celebrated for their potential to alleviate stress, boost cognitive function, and possibly aid in managing chronic diseases, these adaptogenic wonders also add new and varied tastes to our jaded palates. Each mushroom has its own unique set of benefits, and for an added boost, you can mix some together!

However, while these fungi can be a valuable addition to our health regimen, they're not a panacea for all ills. They can help support good health, but you still need to do the groundwork in terms of following a healthy diet, exercising regularly, and managing stress! Plus, if you're a food enthusiast, they can help expand your repertoire in new and exciting ways. 

Portobello mushroom burger anyone?

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Q1. Do functional mushrooms really work?

Based on early clinical research, functional mushrooms show a lot of potential to boost immunity, fight cancer and inflammation, improve mood and cognition, and improve digestive health, depending on the specific mushroom variant. Scroll up to read more about the science-backed benefits of individual mushroom types.

Q2. How do you eat functional mushrooms?

Functional mushrooms can be had in many different ways. These mushrooms can be enjoyed fresh in your pastas, soups, breads, quiches, and so on. You can have them powdered, sprinkled on your meals, or blended into your favourite greens beverage. You can even consume them in the form of supplements, teas, or coffees.

Q3. What functional mushrooms are good for focus?

Lion's Mane mushrooms are known for helping boost cognitive abilities such as focus. Ashwagandha is another adaptogenic variant known for helping improve concentration.

Q4. Which Parts of a Mushroom Are Normally Eaten?

Mushroom caps and stems are the most commonly eaten parts of a mushroom, but some people also like eating the gills and even the mycelium.

Q5. How Long Do Mushrooms Live?

Most mushrooms we are familiar with as culinary or medicinal mushrooms typically live as long as a couple of days up to a couple of weeks if the conditions are right. That being said, it can vary widely between species with some mycelial networks found to be existing for up to a thousand years

Q6. Are Mushrooms Classed As Animals?

Mushrooms are actually classified as fungi, which is a separate kingdom from plants and animals entirely.

Q7. Why Is It Called Mushroom?

The word “mushroom” actually comes from the French word mousseron, in reference to moss (mousse).

Q8. What Is The Skin Of A Mushroom Called?

The skin of a mushroom is called the “cuticle”, and it's a thin layer of tissue that covers the surface of the cap or stem.

Q9. What’s the Underside of a Mushroom Called?

The underside of a mushroom is commonly referred to as the "gill" area. Gills are thin sheets of flesh that hang from the cap and are responsible for producing spores.

Q10. Is It OK To Eat Mushroom Skin?

Yes, if a mushroom is edible, it’s completely safe to eat the skin. In fact, you should refrain from peeling away the skin from edible mushrooms as the cuticle can contain some healthy and tasty nutrients.

Q11. How Can You Tell A Good Mushroom?

There are a few things you can look out for to make sure you’re picking a good mushroom.

• First, check to see if the mushroom is bruised or broken. If it is, it’s probably not going to be very good.

• Second, take a sniff. If it smells bad, it probably is bad and will taste terrible.

• And finally, give it a little squeeze. Fresh mushrooms always feel springy, firm, light, and plumb. If it’s slimy, soggy, or floppy, then it has probably already started to decompose and you shouldn’t eat them.

Q12. What is the king of medicinal mushrooms?

Reishi mushroom is often referred to as the "king of mushrooms" due to its wide range of health benefits, including immune system support, improved sleep, stress reduction, and longevity promotion.

Q13. What does lion's mane do to the brain?

Lion's mane mushroom may stimulate the growth of brain cells, improves cognitive function, reduces symptoms of anxiety and depression, and helps regenerate brain cells. 

Q14. How long do medicinal mushrooms take to work?

The time varies depending on the specific mushroom, mushroom intake or dosage, form, and individual's body. Some people may notice effects within a few days, while for others it may take several weeks or months. Here's a general guideline:

These estimates are based on regular and consistent use of the mushrooms. The form in which the mushrooms are consumed (e.g., tea, powder, extract) and individual health conditions can also influence how quickly you notice effects. As always, it's recommended to consult with a healthcare provider before starting any new supplement regimen.

Q15. Can you take too many medicinal mushrooms?

Overconsumption of medicinal mushrooms may lead to side effects like nausea, diarrhea, or dry mouth. Start with a lower dose and gradually increase it. If you experience any adverse effects, stop taking it immediately. 

Q16. What mushroom is best for gut health?

Reishi, Chaga, Turkey Tail, Lion's Mane, and Shiitake mushrooms are all good for promoting gut health and an optimally functioning digestive system. Scroll further up in this article to learn the specific gut health benefits of each mushroom type.

Q17. Do mushrooms improve gut health?

Yes, mushrooms may help improve gut health. They contain substances that promote healthy gut bacteria while limiting the growth of bad microorganisms in the gut.

They also have anti-inflammatory, immune-boosting, and anti-oxidant properties, which means they help fight infection, disease, and inflammation. In this manner, they protect you from chronic medical conditions like heart disease and cancer.

Q18. Which mushroom is best for IBS?

The mushrooms we've mentioned on this list, such as Reishi, Chaga, Turkey Tail, Lion's Mane, and Shiitake mushrooms, may all be beneficial for alleviating the symptoms of IBS.

Ensure you eliminate foods from your diet that may be causing food intolerances as well as foods known for being hi-gas.

Also, limit your intake of ultra-processed foods like deli meats, breakfast cereals, and packaged snacks like chips, cookies, and biscuits. Drink plenty of fluids, especially water, follow a healthy diet incorporating a diverse range of foods, and maintain a consistent exercise regime for best results.

Q19. How can I tell if I have poor gut health?

You may have poor gut health if you experience symptoms like frequent bloating, gas, diarrhea, constipation, or abdominal pain.

Additionally, unexplained fatigue, skin irritations, and changes in mood can also be indicators of an imbalanced gut microbiome.